Sunspot positions and areas retrieved from the historical reports. For more detail please see Zolotova and Vokhmyanin (Long-lived Sunspots in Historical Records: A Case Study Analysis from 1660 to 1676, in Solar Physics, 2025). ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Data format: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Place - Location of the observer; YYYY - Year; MM - Month; DD - Day; HH - UT Hour; MI - Minute; G - Arbitrary number of sunspot group; Sp - Arbitrary number of sunspot; BBB.BB - Heliographic latitude. Southern latitudes are negative; LLL.LL - Heliographic longitude in the Carrington rotation frame; B0 - Heliographic latitude of apparent disk center; L0 - Heliographic longitude of apparent disk center; P - Position angle; Rot - Rotation angle of solar axis in x-y plane. If the telescope mount was equatorial, then Rot = P. If it was the Alt-azimut mount, Rot = P-q. q - Parallactic angle; Alt - Altitude; Azm - Azimuth; Area_w - Area of the whole sunspot in millionths of the solar hemisphere (msh); Area_u - Area of the sunspot umbra in millionths of the solar hemisphere (msh); Area_p - Area of the sunspot penumbra in millionths of the solar hemisphere (msh); alpha - Angular distance on the surface of the Sun from the center of the disk to the area-weighted position of the object; HH_l - Local Hour in the original note of the time of the observation given by the observer; MM_l - Minute of the original note of the time of the observation given by the observer. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Observations by Robert Boyle, reported by Cassini (1671). These observations has a common group numbering (G) with the observations by Hevelius ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Place YYYY MM DD HH MI G Sp BBB.BB LLL.LL B0 L0 P Rot q Alt Azm Area_w Area_u Area_p alpha HH_l MM_l Comment ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Shelley Memorial, Oxford, England 1660 5 7 8 5 2 1 -5! 29.57 -2.91 101.17 -23.06 15.85 -38.91 32.33 104.06 1275 311 964 71.44 8 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot based on the observer's note: "there appear's Spot in the lower limb of the Sun a little towards the South of its AEquator". Shelley Memorial, Oxford, England 1660 5 18 10 5 2 1 -5! 32.65! -1.63 314.57 -20.04 8.29 -28.33 50.81 133.83 NaN NaN NaN 78 10 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot based on the observer's note: "there appear's Spot in the lower limb of the Sun a little towards the South of its AEquator". The sunspot longitude is calculated basing the sidereal rotation rate equal to 14.4 deg/day. Shelley Memorial, Oxford, England 1660 6 4 19 5 2 1 -5! 35.65 0.45 84.62 -13.81 -50.9 37.11 8.53 295.93 NaN NaN NaN 49.18 19 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot based on the observer's note: "there appear's Spot in the lower limb of the Sun a little towards the South of its AEquator". Shelley Memorial, Oxford, England 1660 6 4 19 5 3 2 ±10! 6.07 0.45 84.62 -13.81 -50.9 37.11 8.53 295.93 NaN NaN NaN 78.55 19 0 (!) Latitude is ±10 deg [at low latitude], according to description XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Active region positions suggested from notes by Johannes Hevelius in his book Machina Coelestis (1679). To evaluate number of sunspots please see the detailed translations of the original Latin texts made by Carrasco et al. in Solar Physics (2015) v. 290, pp. 2719–2732 (doi: 10.1007/s11207-015-0767-z) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Place YYYY MM DD HH MI G Sp BBB.BB LLL.LL B0 L0 P Rot q Alt Azm HH_l MM_l Comment ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gdansk, Poland 1660 2 22 10 45 1 NaN -5! 13.4±7.5 -7.19 9.5 -20.32 -18 -2.32 25.33 176.07 12 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 2 23 10 45 1 NaN -5! 13.61±7.4 -7.2 356.33 -20.61 -18.31 -2.31 25.69 176.09 12 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 2 24 12 45 1 NaN -5! 13.84±7.29 -7.22 342.06 -20.92 -37.22 16.29 22.38 208.39 14 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 2 26 11 0 1 NaN -5! 14.26±7.01 -7.24 316.67 -21.46 -21.65 0.2 26.88 180.33 12 15 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 3 14 10 45 1 NaN -5! 17.92±5.4 -7.05 92.77 -25.1 -23.41 -1.69 33.41 177.11 12 0 There were no an observation this day, but Hevelius suggested that the spot entered the Sun on 13 or 14 March 1660. (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot a little south of the equator. Gdansk, Poland 1660 3 16 10 45 1 NaN -5! 18.35±5.2 -6.98 66.4 -25.4 -23.8 -1.6 34.2 177.26 12 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 3 17 10 45 1 NaN -5! 18.57±5.1 -6.95 53.22 -25.54 -23.99 -1.55 34.6 177.33 12 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 3 19 10 45 1 NaN -5! 19±4.9 -6.87 26.84 -25.8 -24.34 -1.46 35.39 177.5 12 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 3 20 10 45 1 NaN -5! 19.22±4.8 -6.83 13.66 -25.91 -24.51 -1.41 35.79 177.58 12 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 3 21 10 45 1 NaN -5! 19.43±4.7 -6.79 0.47 -26.03 -24.67 -1.36 36.19 177.66 12 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 3 22 10 45 1 NaN -5! 19.65±4.6 -6.74 347.28 -26.13 -24.82 -1.31 36.58 177.75 12 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 5 6 10 45 2 NaN -5! 29.35±0.1 -3 112.93 -23.26 -24.1 0.84 52.38 181.38 12 0 There were no observations this day, but Hevelius suggested that the spot entered the Sun on 6 May 1660. (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot located south of the equator. Gdansk, Poland 1660 5 12 10 45 2 NaN -5! 30.64±0.5 -2.33 33.57 -21.77 -22.71 0.94 53.95 181.54 12 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 5 13 10 45 2 NaN -5! 30.86±0.6 -2.21 20.35 -21.49 -22.45 0.95 54.2 181.55 12 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 5 14 10 45 2 NaN -5! 31.07±0.7 -2.1 7.12 -21.21 -22.17 0.96 54.44 181.56 12 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 5 15 10 45 2 NaN -5! 31.29±0.8 -1.98 353.89 -20.93 -21.89 0.97 54.67 181.57 12 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 5 16 10 45 2 NaN -5! 31.51±0.9 -1.86 340.66 -20.63 -21.6 0.97 54.9 181.57 12 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 5 18 10 45 2 NaN -5! 31.94±1.1 -1.63 314.2 -20.03 -20.99 0.97 55.34 181.56 12 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 6 10 10 45 2 NaN -5! 36.9±3.4 1.13 9.8 -11.47 -11.71 0.24 58.7 180.38 12 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 6 10 10 45 3 NaN ±10! 7.37±0.9 1.13 9.8 -11.47 -11.71 0.24 58.7 180.38 12 0 (!) Sunspot latitude is unknown, but apparently it was not far from the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 6 11 10 45 2 NaN -5! 37.11±3.5 1.25 356.56 -11.04 -11.22 0.18 58.77 180.29 12 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 6 11 10 45 3 NaN ±10! 7.58±1 1.25 356.56 -11.04 -11.22 0.18 58.77 180.29 12 0 (!) Sunspot latitude is unknown, but apparently it was not far from the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 6 12 10 45 2 NaN -5! 37.33±3.6 1.37 343.33 -10.61 -10.74 0.13 58.83 180.2 12 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 6 12 10 45 3 NaN ±10! 7.8±1.1 1.37 343.33 -10.61 -10.74 0.13 58.83 180.2 12 0 (!) Sunspot latitude is unknown, but apparently it was not far from the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 6 30 10 45 2 NaN -5! 41.21±5.4 3.4 105.06 -2.48 -1.55 -0.93 58.76 178.53 12 0 There were no observations this day, but Hevelius suggested that the spot entered the Sun on 30 June. (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot located south of the equator. Gdansk, Poland 1660 7 9 10 45 2 NaN -5! 43.15±6.3 4.32 345.95 1.68 3.02 -1.34 57.9 177.88 12 0 (!) This is the plausible latitude of the sunspot, which was apparently a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 7 11 10 45 4 NaN NaN 243.28±12.5 4.51 319.49 2.6 4 -1.4 57.64 177.77 12 0 There were no observations this day, but Hevelius suggested that the spot entered the Sun on 11 July 1660. Gdansk, Poland 1660 7 12 10 45 4 NaN NaN 243.5±12.5 4.61 306.26 3.06 4.49 -1.43 57.49 177.72 12 0 Gdansk, Poland 1660 7 13 10 45 4 NaN NaN 243.72±12.5 4.7 293.03 3.51 4.97 -1.46 57.35 177.67 12 0 Gdansk, Poland 1660 7 28 10 45 5 NaN NaN 47.24±8.2 5.92 94.6 10.07 11.6 -1.54 54.43 177.5 12 0 (!) Sunspot latitude is unknown, but apparently it was a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 7 29 10 45 5 NaN NaN 47.46±8.3 5.99 81.37 10.48 12 -1.52 54.19 177.53 12 0 (!) Sunspot latitude is unknown, but apparently it was a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 7 31 10 45 5 NaN NaN 47.89±8.5 6.12 54.93 11.3 12.78 -1.48 53.7 177.58 12 0 (!) Sunspot latitude is unknown, but apparently it was a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 8 3 10 45 5 NaN NaN 48.54±8.8 6.31 15.26 12.5 13.91 -1.41 52.93 177.69 12 0 (!) Sunspot latitude is unknown, but apparently it was a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 8 6 10 45 5 NaN NaN 49.19±9.1 6.48 335.6 13.66 14.98 -1.31 52.11 177.84 12 0 (!) Sunspot latitude is unknown, but apparently it was a little south of the equator Gdansk, Poland 1660 8 7 10 45 5 NaN NaN 49.4±9.2 6.53 322.38 14.04 15.32 -1.28 51.83 177.89 12 0 (!) Sunspot latitude is unknown, but apparently it was a little south of the equator